1 00:00:08,430 --> 00:00:09,990 For the kingdom of God! 2 00:00:10,890 --> 00:00:12,350 And for God! 3 00:00:14,630 --> 00:00:17,930 The wars of religion shaped the Europe we live in today. 4 00:00:22,470 --> 00:00:24,770 I have the heart and stomach of a king! 5 00:00:25,590 --> 00:00:30,030 In the 16th century, religion and power were inextricably linked. 6 00:00:31,970 --> 00:00:33,870 Your Majesty, the Catholics will rebel. 7 00:00:34,130 --> 00:00:36,590 I will never marry that heretic, do you hear me? Never! 8 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:40,120 What have you done to the kingdom? What have you done? 9 00:00:40,400 --> 00:00:41,960 Promise me it will stay Catholic. 10 00:00:42,220 --> 00:00:46,320 At the time of the Renaissance, the rulers of Europe's most important 11 00:00:46,320 --> 00:00:48,880 fought each other violently in the name of God. 12 00:00:49,520 --> 00:00:50,520 Kill them! 13 00:00:51,780 --> 00:00:52,820 Kill them all! 14 00:00:54,300 --> 00:00:56,300 May God punish the heretics! 15 00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:01,020 There has to be another solution. 16 00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:04,379 The English throne must be hers. 17 00:01:05,099 --> 00:01:09,150 Love. Your prince offers me the Dutch crown against an army. 18 00:01:09,830 --> 00:01:11,170 Betrayal. It can't be true. 19 00:01:12,630 --> 00:01:15,970 Jealousy and passions rock the most influential families. 20 00:01:16,590 --> 00:01:19,350 They can't get away with it. I admire your audacity. 21 00:01:20,550 --> 00:01:23,230 A merciless game of power and faith. 22 00:01:23,890 --> 00:01:25,130 Have faith in me. 23 00:01:26,810 --> 00:01:29,710 This is the true history of Europe. 24 00:01:40,270 --> 00:01:44,230 At the height of the Renaissance, the young Queen of Scotland was forced to 25 00:01:44,230 --> 00:01:45,230 her homeland. 26 00:01:49,290 --> 00:01:54,610 The King of France had Europe on tender hook and kicked the English out of his 27 00:01:54,610 --> 00:01:55,610 kingdom. 28 00:02:01,290 --> 00:02:04,570 Meanwhile, the largest empire in the West was breaking apart. 29 00:02:08,590 --> 00:02:11,770 Europe was on the verge of 30 years of bloody warfare. 30 00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:58,420 In Scotland, after the death of the Catholic King James V, everything rested 31 00:02:58,420 --> 00:02:59,520 a nine -month -old child. 32 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:08,840 On September 9, 1543, the infant Mary Stuart was crowned Queen of Scotland at 33 00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:10,320 Stirling Castle, north of Glasgow. 34 00:03:17,100 --> 00:03:22,100 Her 23 -year -old French mother, Mary of Guise, would rule in her place as 35 00:03:22,100 --> 00:03:24,420 regent. until she was old enough to reign. 36 00:03:26,460 --> 00:03:31,340 Her first political decision was to promise her daughter in marriage to the 37 00:03:31,340 --> 00:03:33,620 of Henry VIII, the King of England. 38 00:03:34,220 --> 00:03:38,140 Such an alliance would allow the young queen to remain in Scotland until her 39 00:03:38,140 --> 00:03:39,140 tenth birthday. 40 00:03:48,980 --> 00:03:51,760 But four years later, King Henry died. 41 00:03:54,730 --> 00:03:59,970 His son and heir, Edward VI, immediately sent troops to Scotland to seize his 42 00:03:59,970 --> 00:04:02,570 betrothed. He was just four years old. 43 00:04:05,830 --> 00:04:09,950 The new king of England wanted the child queen in order to unite the two 44 00:04:09,950 --> 00:04:11,390 kingdoms as soon as possible. 45 00:04:15,050 --> 00:04:16,890 Mary! Mary, wait! 46 00:04:25,290 --> 00:04:31,170 One night in 1547, in the utmost secrecy, Mary of Guise decided to 47 00:04:31,170 --> 00:04:32,170 daughter to safety. 48 00:04:45,010 --> 00:04:50,690 To escape her kidnappers, young Mary was entrusted to her most loyal servants. 49 00:04:52,310 --> 00:04:54,230 What's happening? Hurry, you need to escape! 50 00:05:02,890 --> 00:05:03,890 God will protect you, Mary. 51 00:05:46,860 --> 00:05:51,620 Under the cover of darkness, Mary was taken to the austere Inchmahome Priory, 52 00:05:51,740 --> 00:05:55,720 isolated on a small island in a lake in the Scottish Highlands. 53 00:05:59,860 --> 00:06:02,400 A hideaway only accessible by boat. 54 00:06:25,130 --> 00:06:29,330 With her daughter safely hidden, Mary of Guise did everything in her power to 55 00:06:29,330 --> 00:06:32,290 make sure the young queen didn't fall into the hands of the English. 56 00:06:34,770 --> 00:06:37,070 Her salvation came from France. 57 00:06:52,810 --> 00:06:56,790 Mary of Guise's only hope of saving her daughter was her brother, Francis of 58 00:06:56,790 --> 00:07:00,230 Lorraine, Duke of Guise, and Cardinal Charles of Lorraine. 59 00:07:01,330 --> 00:07:05,250 Born into one of the most powerful families in the Kingdom of France, they 60 00:07:05,250 --> 00:07:08,210 also trusted advisors to the French king, Henry II. 61 00:07:14,350 --> 00:07:19,240 Mary of Guise asked her brothers, to send military aid to help fight the 62 00:07:19,240 --> 00:07:22,360 who had invaded Scotland in order to kidnap her daughter. 63 00:07:34,840 --> 00:07:40,040 The ultra -Catholic Guise brothers saw this as a unique opportunity to enlarge 64 00:07:40,040 --> 00:07:41,040 the kingdom of France. 65 00:07:41,260 --> 00:07:44,900 All that remained was to convince their king to send troops to Scotland and 66 00:07:44,900 --> 00:07:51,000 offer protection to the young Mary, Queen of Scots. Your Majesty, the union 67 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:55,080 Mary Stuart and King Edward means that sooner or later, 68 00:07:55,220 --> 00:08:00,200 Scotland will be annexed by the English. 69 00:08:01,760 --> 00:08:06,400 Our sister has given you a unique opportunity to destroy that alliance. 70 00:08:11,020 --> 00:08:12,200 to take control of Scotland. 71 00:08:15,420 --> 00:08:16,420 Offer your support. 72 00:08:19,180 --> 00:08:24,120 Henry II agreed to help the infant Queen of Scots, but in return, he requested 73 00:08:24,120 --> 00:08:27,800 that she become betrothed to his son, the Dauphin of France. 74 00:08:28,560 --> 00:08:35,000 On January 27, 1548, he signed an agreement with Mary of Guise and 75 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:40,720 dispatched a fleet of 140 ships. and 6 ,000 men to Scotland. 76 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:50,080 Barely eight months later, Mary Stuart, now aged six, set sail for France. 77 00:09:13,420 --> 00:09:17,780 After a long journey, Mary finally arrived at the French court. Come here, 78 00:09:17,780 --> 00:09:18,780 here, come here. 79 00:09:25,680 --> 00:09:31,380 There she could grow up in safety, far from the political rivalries of her 80 00:09:31,380 --> 00:09:32,380 homeland. 81 00:09:35,440 --> 00:09:37,500 Ah, welcome to France, my child. 82 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:46,280 She is the crowned queen and will be honored and treated as such. 83 00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:53,420 In keeping with her rank, the little queen, as she became affectionately 84 00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:58,460 was raised with her betrothed, the four -year -old Dauphin Francis, the eldest 85 00:09:58,460 --> 00:09:59,540 son of Henry II. 86 00:10:01,940 --> 00:10:06,460 This union would allow France to lay claim to the Scottish throne and, by 87 00:10:06,460 --> 00:10:08,120 extension, the throne of England. 88 00:10:10,460 --> 00:10:14,580 because Mary Stuart belonged to the junior branch of the House of Tudor, the 89 00:10:14,580 --> 00:10:15,579 Kings of England. 90 00:10:15,580 --> 00:10:20,980 Her great -grandfather was none other than Henry VII, the first Tudor King of 91 00:10:20,980 --> 00:10:25,260 England. So the little queen had a legitimate claim to the throne. The King 92 00:10:25,260 --> 00:10:27,540 France was intent on helping her take it. 93 00:10:34,660 --> 00:10:37,300 Henry II was 29 years old. 94 00:10:37,580 --> 00:10:42,360 A year earlier, he succeeded his father, Francis I to the French throne. 95 00:10:43,220 --> 00:10:48,500 Henry II was an ambitious, ruthless monarch, whose main obsession was to 96 00:10:48,500 --> 00:10:55,380 revenge on his old arch -enemy Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. 97 00:11:11,370 --> 00:11:16,330 Henry II had never forgiven Charles V for imprisoning him and his elder 98 00:11:16,330 --> 00:11:18,290 in Spain when they were children. 99 00:11:18,910 --> 00:11:24,070 His mind was scarred by the terrible experiences he suffered for five years 100 00:11:24,070 --> 00:11:25,270 his cramped, dank cell. 101 00:11:27,290 --> 00:11:32,570 And the exorbitant ransom of two million gold coups demanded from France for 102 00:11:32,570 --> 00:11:33,570 their release. 103 00:11:36,710 --> 00:11:37,910 And now... 104 00:11:38,160 --> 00:11:41,360 came an unexpected opportunity for Henry to take his revenge. 105 00:11:49,420 --> 00:11:55,060 Early in 1552, at the Chateau de Chambord in the Loire Valley, the King 106 00:11:55,060 --> 00:11:57,060 France received some curious visitors. 107 00:12:00,140 --> 00:12:03,940 Three German princes converted to Protestantism. 108 00:12:05,800 --> 00:12:11,740 Since the early 16th century, Protestantism, known as the Reformed 109 00:12:11,740 --> 00:12:16,040 been gaining ground in Europe. In the heart of the Holy Roman Empire, the 110 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:21,080 Reformism advocated by Martin Luther had been adopted by the German and Flemish 111 00:12:21,080 --> 00:12:25,840 nobility. In Latin countries like France and Spain, John Calvin was also 112 00:12:25,840 --> 00:12:27,360 converting more and more people. 113 00:12:29,280 --> 00:12:34,820 Scotland remained Catholic, but England, since Henry VIII, had turned away from 114 00:12:34,820 --> 00:12:35,820 Rome. 115 00:12:49,699 --> 00:12:54,640 Protestants, and notably the Calvinists, refused to go between themselves and 116 00:12:54,640 --> 00:12:59,820 God. They turned their back on the Pope, the worship of saints, relics, and 117 00:12:59,820 --> 00:13:00,820 crucifixes. 118 00:13:01,720 --> 00:13:05,140 Their faith had no place for symbols and iconography. 119 00:13:08,840 --> 00:13:12,560 You want my permission to freely practice your religion? I admire your 120 00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:19,840 The German princes knew that, like Charles V, Henry II was persecuting 121 00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:24,960 Protestants. But they had a proposition for him. If the king paid them to rise 122 00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:29,120 up against the Holy Roman Emperor, they would allow him to seize the bishoprics 123 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:30,900 of Metz, Toul and Verdun. 124 00:13:31,440 --> 00:13:35,040 Something that would allow the king to push French borders further east. 125 00:13:35,420 --> 00:13:38,680 On top of all that, they promised to overthrow Charles. 126 00:13:39,640 --> 00:13:40,640 You're right. 127 00:13:41,820 --> 00:13:44,380 Charles V is a vermin that needs to be exterminated. 128 00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:46,100 Tell me your plan. 129 00:13:47,630 --> 00:13:53,910 Despite his fervent Catholicism, Henry II's hatred for Charles V far outweighed 130 00:13:53,910 --> 00:13:54,910 his religious beliefs. 131 00:13:57,710 --> 00:14:04,710 On January 15, 1552, Henry signed a treaty of alliance with the Lutherans 132 00:14:04,710 --> 00:14:10,630 at Chambord, and in late March, the French Royal Army, numbering 50 ,000 133 00:14:10,810 --> 00:14:11,890 were ready to advance. 134 00:14:26,890 --> 00:14:31,290 On April 10th, Henry II's troops approached Metz and Toul. 135 00:14:31,550 --> 00:14:33,530 Both surrendered without combat. 136 00:14:33,830 --> 00:14:39,370 The king left 3 ,400 men to occupy the town, and 12 days later, his army 137 00:14:39,370 --> 00:14:40,370 captured Verdun. 138 00:14:45,690 --> 00:14:51,410 A furious Charles V prepared to attack, but he was up against the king's most 139 00:14:51,410 --> 00:14:54,450 loyal lieutenant, Francis, Duke of Guise. 140 00:14:57,930 --> 00:15:02,990 Francis was nicknamed Scarface due to a large scar on his left cheek. 141 00:15:03,250 --> 00:15:06,450 He was a fearsome soldier and a trusted servant to the king. 142 00:15:07,570 --> 00:15:13,630 Charles V had tried to kill him on several occasions, but in vain. 143 00:15:15,290 --> 00:15:20,430 This time, the emperor was on the point of claiming a famous victory on the 144 00:15:20,430 --> 00:15:21,430 political battlefield. 145 00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:42,800 Across the Channel, in England, on July 6, 1553, having thwarted a coup by the 146 00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:46,520 English nobility, Mary Tudor ascends to the English throne. 147 00:15:46,780 --> 00:15:51,260 She began beheading traitors, because Mary was a Catholic. 148 00:15:54,820 --> 00:15:59,800 Mary Tudor was the only daughter from Henry VIII's first marriage to the 149 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:01,360 Catholic Catherine of Aragon. 150 00:16:02,440 --> 00:16:05,960 This made Mary the first cousin of the Emperor Charles V. 151 00:16:33,290 --> 00:16:39,110 To strengthen the family bond, in 1554, Charles negotiated the marriage of the 152 00:16:39,110 --> 00:16:42,450 newly crowned Queen Mary to his eldest son, Philip. 153 00:16:43,450 --> 00:16:46,270 It was a masterstroke for the Holy Roman Emperor. 154 00:16:48,810 --> 00:16:52,850 The father's victory, however, wasn't celebrated by his son. 155 00:16:53,210 --> 00:16:55,870 His new wife was ten years his senior. 156 00:16:56,150 --> 00:16:57,009 I do. 157 00:16:57,010 --> 00:16:59,290 And she was not at all to his liking. 158 00:16:59,890 --> 00:17:04,640 But Philip knew that according to English law, the properties and titles 159 00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:06,700 queen would become equally his. 160 00:17:07,020 --> 00:17:11,140 I do. Making him even stronger in his fight against the French. 161 00:17:11,740 --> 00:17:16,240 Before God, I pronounce you united in the sanctity of marriage. 162 00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:21,740 Mary was delighted with her marriage to Philip. 163 00:17:22,480 --> 00:17:27,540 For a woman who had waited until she was 37 years old to wed, it was a major 164 00:17:27,540 --> 00:17:28,540 event. 165 00:17:35,760 --> 00:17:40,220 And with Philip at her side, Mary would be able to reestablish Catholicism 166 00:17:40,220 --> 00:17:41,220 throughout her kingdom. 167 00:18:06,890 --> 00:18:11,470 In 1554, the persecution and executions of English Protestants increased. 168 00:18:19,890 --> 00:18:20,890 In all, 169 00:18:30,170 --> 00:18:32,850 300 men and women were burned at the stake. 170 00:18:34,220 --> 00:18:36,840 earning the queen the nickname Bloody Mary. 171 00:18:40,620 --> 00:18:45,860 The alliance between England and Spain was a disaster for English Protestants. 172 00:18:50,540 --> 00:18:55,260 In the face of such horrors, Thomas Wyatt decided to rebel. 173 00:18:57,140 --> 00:19:00,840 This 33 -year -old noble wanted to overthrow Mary. 174 00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:07,800 and to replace her with her younger half -sister, 21 -year -old Elizabeth Tudor. 175 00:19:12,740 --> 00:19:17,260 Elizabeth was the daughter of the deceased King of England, Henry VIII, 176 00:19:17,260 --> 00:19:19,080 second wife, Anne Boleyn. 177 00:19:20,580 --> 00:19:23,580 So, a bastard in the eyes of Queen Mary. 178 00:19:34,060 --> 00:19:38,400 And to make matters worse, Elizabeth Tudor was raised as a Protestant. 179 00:19:49,720 --> 00:19:54,800 Rumors began to spread that the Protestant rebel Thomas Wyatt wanted to 180 00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:56,440 Elizabeth on the throne of England. 181 00:19:57,940 --> 00:20:01,580 He apparently dispatched a messenger to obtain her approval. 182 00:20:12,840 --> 00:20:17,640 Tell your master that the time has arrived where I'll do what God has 183 00:20:17,640 --> 00:20:18,640 for me. 184 00:20:28,180 --> 00:20:31,160 Elizabeth refused to help overthrow her half -sister. 185 00:20:36,300 --> 00:20:40,820 She would be risking her neck if Queen Mary and her husband Philip of Spain 186 00:20:40,820 --> 00:20:42,060 to find out about the plot. 187 00:20:53,120 --> 00:20:56,960 Meanwhile, Philip was about to become the most powerful Catholic monarch in 188 00:20:56,960 --> 00:20:57,960 Europe. 189 00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:05,560 His father, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was an old man riddled with 190 00:21:05,560 --> 00:21:06,560 and gout. 191 00:21:09,340 --> 00:21:14,100 At this moment, the Emperor took a decision that would rock all of Europe. 192 00:21:18,100 --> 00:21:24,060 Since 1519, Charles V had reigned over a vast empire, including the Netherlands, 193 00:21:24,440 --> 00:21:28,560 Greater Germany, a major part of Italy, Spain, and parts of the Americas. 194 00:21:34,860 --> 00:21:41,240 But on October 25, 1555, the emperor abdicated and split his empire in two. 195 00:21:43,740 --> 00:21:48,020 He bequeathed to his brother, Ferdinand of Habsburg, the Holy Roman Empire 196 00:21:48,020 --> 00:21:49,020 itself. 197 00:21:50,190 --> 00:21:56,570 and named his son Philip as King of Spain, Flanders, portions of Italy, and 198 00:21:56,570 --> 00:21:57,810 lands in the New World. 199 00:22:07,610 --> 00:22:12,510 Philip's inheritance, added to his title of King of England by his marriage to 200 00:22:12,510 --> 00:22:16,690 Queen Mary Tudor, made him one of the most powerful men in the world. 201 00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:27,740 He would use that power and influence to defend the Catholic faith in Europe. 202 00:22:51,820 --> 00:22:53,300 You look splendid, madam. 203 00:22:53,500 --> 00:22:55,920 It's been too long since I was at your side. 204 00:22:56,440 --> 00:22:58,220 You have been missed, my friend. 205 00:22:59,060 --> 00:23:01,120 What good fortune brings you here? 206 00:23:02,360 --> 00:23:03,860 The future of England. 207 00:23:04,440 --> 00:23:07,020 And the hope of your support. 208 00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:10,200 You have my ear. 209 00:23:11,420 --> 00:23:17,540 In March 1556, Philip of Bain asked his wife, Queen Mary, to help him in a war 210 00:23:17,540 --> 00:23:18,540 with France. 211 00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:24,600 Mary's advisors begged her to refuse. 212 00:23:24,980 --> 00:23:27,280 Wars were expensive and dangerous. 213 00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:29,000 Leave us. 214 00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:39,600 Three months later, on June 7th, Spain and England jointly declared war on 215 00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:40,600 France. 216 00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:48,900 Philip wanted to finish the conquest of France started by his father. 217 00:23:49,770 --> 00:23:54,790 Firstly, he would annex strongholds on the northern border before advancing on 218 00:23:54,790 --> 00:23:55,790 Paris. 219 00:23:56,730 --> 00:24:03,130 On August 2nd, 1557, his army of 56 ,000 Spanish and English soldiers 220 00:24:03,130 --> 00:24:05,710 reached Saint -Quentin in northern France. 221 00:24:06,050 --> 00:24:08,990 The town had only 300 men to defend it. 222 00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:24,060 St. Quentin is under siege. Gather the men. 223 00:24:26,120 --> 00:24:30,880 At around one in the morning, the governor of Picardy, Admiral Gaspard de 224 00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:36,160 Coligny, was alerted. He immediately set out for St. Quentin with reinforcements 225 00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:37,580 numbering 2 ,000 men. 226 00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:49,540 For a whole week, they resisted the 56 ,000 soldiers besieging them. 227 00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:55,480 To avoid a massacre, night after night, Admiral de Coligny secretly smuggled 228 00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:57,880 small groups of women and children from the town. 229 00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:01,560 In the end, he managed to save 800 lives. 230 00:25:02,040 --> 00:25:03,560 Follow me closely, always. 231 00:25:03,840 --> 00:25:04,479 You ready? 232 00:25:04,480 --> 00:25:05,800 Right, let's go. 233 00:25:16,780 --> 00:25:22,870 After 17 days of resistance... On August 27th, the town was finally captured by 234 00:25:22,870 --> 00:25:24,130 the Anglo -Spanish army. 235 00:25:51,660 --> 00:25:56,880 Philip II, King of Spain, was so scared of losing the battle, he oversaw it in 236 00:25:56,880 --> 00:25:57,880 person. 237 00:26:03,180 --> 00:26:08,080 His men mutilated and massacred the French defenders, but they also suffered 238 00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:09,080 important losses. 239 00:26:24,430 --> 00:26:28,910 A few hours after the start of the assault, Admiral de Coligny is captured. 240 00:26:42,170 --> 00:26:45,690 The Battle of Saint -Quentin was a terrible defeat for the French. 241 00:26:46,070 --> 00:26:50,170 At least 3 ,000 died, and thousands more were taken prisoner. 242 00:26:58,510 --> 00:27:03,130 Despite losing a large number of men, Philip II was proud of his victory. 243 00:27:12,330 --> 00:27:18,430 But he had forgotten the main reason for his invasion, Paris. 244 00:27:19,210 --> 00:27:22,670 What's more, he had run out of money to continue his war. 245 00:27:37,710 --> 00:27:41,510 This strategic error on the part of Philip gave the King of France the 246 00:27:41,510 --> 00:27:43,110 time to prepare his response. 247 00:27:44,910 --> 00:27:48,790 Keep a noble heart and take nothing for granted. 248 00:27:55,370 --> 00:27:57,550 Send this immediately to the Duke of Guise. 249 00:27:59,790 --> 00:28:03,430 Henry II immediately recalled his trusty captain. 250 00:28:07,180 --> 00:28:10,900 He offered him command of the entire French army and royal fleet. 251 00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:20,520 My friend. 252 00:28:20,740 --> 00:28:24,920 Back from the Italian front, Scarface presented himself before the king on 253 00:28:24,920 --> 00:28:26,560 October 20th, 1557. 254 00:28:26,820 --> 00:28:29,060 The war kept you away too long. 255 00:28:30,960 --> 00:28:33,180 It's an honor to serve your majesty. 256 00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:43,000 Henry asked the Duke of Guise to attack England's possessions in France. 257 00:28:43,660 --> 00:28:48,080 The English supported Philip II of Spain at Saint -Quentin, and now they would 258 00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:49,080 pay for it. 259 00:28:53,520 --> 00:28:58,980 On the last day of the year 1557, the 30 ,000 men under the command of the Duke 260 00:28:58,980 --> 00:29:03,260 of Guise surrounded the last remaining English stronghold in France, Calais. 261 00:29:07,120 --> 00:29:08,940 after a swift and deadly attack. 262 00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:16,720 The town, which had been in English hands for over 200 years, was finally 263 00:29:16,720 --> 00:29:17,720 again. 264 00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:35,260 On January 8, 1558, Queen Mary of England heard that Calais had fallen 265 00:29:35,260 --> 00:29:36,260 French hands. 266 00:29:41,610 --> 00:29:42,610 This cannot be true. 267 00:29:42,930 --> 00:29:44,030 The traitors. 268 00:29:44,250 --> 00:29:45,550 How could this have happened? 269 00:29:49,430 --> 00:29:50,970 She was totally devastated. 270 00:29:51,790 --> 00:29:56,310 These are the words she is believed to have uttered. At my death, when you open 271 00:29:56,310 --> 00:30:01,650 up my corpse, you will find Philippe and Calais engraved upon my heart. 272 00:30:08,130 --> 00:30:10,490 But it wasn't all bad news for England. 273 00:30:17,520 --> 00:30:18,960 Queen Mary was pregnant. 274 00:30:30,060 --> 00:30:35,800 She was convinced she was expecting a son, an heir who would one day unite the 275 00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:40,740 Catholics of England, Ireland, Spain, and Flanders under one single crown. 276 00:30:42,540 --> 00:30:45,180 But Mary's happiness was short -lived. 277 00:30:51,120 --> 00:30:55,460 Six months later, she discovered she wasn't in fact with child. 278 00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:02,620 She was the victim of what is now called a phantom pregnancy. 279 00:31:21,840 --> 00:31:26,720 At 41 years old, Mary now realized she would never bear a child. 280 00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:33,640 This fact fanned the fire of hatred she felt towards her half -sister. 281 00:31:37,660 --> 00:31:38,660 Elizabeth. 282 00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:42,000 Mary had her sister locked up in the Tower of London. 283 00:31:45,220 --> 00:31:50,280 Intent on forcing her to confess to being the ringleader of a Protestant 284 00:31:50,280 --> 00:31:51,280 overthrow her. 285 00:31:56,520 --> 00:31:58,160 May God protect you, my sister. 286 00:31:59,260 --> 00:32:02,260 Will you finally reveal your intentions against me? 287 00:32:03,660 --> 00:32:07,180 Your Majesty, I cannot confess what I have not done. 288 00:32:09,460 --> 00:32:14,980 If you have intentions to ascend to the throne, promise me it will remain 289 00:32:14,980 --> 00:32:15,980 Catholic. 290 00:32:18,340 --> 00:32:21,280 I only promise. 291 00:32:25,160 --> 00:32:26,920 To govern according to my convictions. 292 00:32:29,060 --> 00:32:30,060 Leave now. 293 00:32:32,220 --> 00:32:34,200 I never want to see you again. 294 00:32:49,940 --> 00:32:54,260 The open war between Mary and Elizabeth was good news for the King of France. 295 00:32:55,880 --> 00:33:01,180 Henry II was convinced that 16 -year -old Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, was 296 00:33:01,180 --> 00:33:02,680 rightful heir to the English throne. 297 00:33:10,040 --> 00:33:15,660 Especially when, on the morning of Sunday, April 24, 1558, at Notre Dame 298 00:33:15,660 --> 00:33:20,360 Cathedral in Paris, the young Mary Stuart became Henry II's daughter -in 299 00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:29,520 During a sumptuous wedding ceremony, Mary finally married the young man to 300 00:33:29,520 --> 00:33:31,460 she had been betrothed since childhood, 301 00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:34,960 Francis of Anjou, Dauphin of France. 302 00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:45,500 Mary wore a magnificent white embroidered dress. 303 00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:51,080 One guest described her as a hundred times more beautiful than a goddess. Her 304 00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:53,280 person alone was worth an entire kingdom. 305 00:34:16,040 --> 00:34:20,820 Mary Stuart was now the Dauphine of France and Francis the King Consort of 306 00:34:20,820 --> 00:34:21,820 Scotland. 307 00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:28,360 But in secret, Henry II had added an extra clause to the marriage contract. 308 00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:37,440 It stipulated that should Mary Stuart die first and without any heirs, all 309 00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:42,480 of Mary's rights to the thrones of Scotland and England would transfer to 310 00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:44,480 without additional consideration. 311 00:34:48,270 --> 00:34:52,909 The King and Queen of France now had the promise that one day they may be able 312 00:34:52,909 --> 00:34:57,950 to claim the English throne, especially since in England the future of the crown 313 00:34:57,950 --> 00:34:59,210 was far from certain. 314 00:35:02,850 --> 00:35:06,410 For the past year, Mary I of England had been very ill. 315 00:35:08,670 --> 00:35:14,450 She was suffering from excruciating headaches, cardiac arrhythmia, and 316 00:35:14,450 --> 00:35:15,450 stomach cramps. 317 00:35:16,040 --> 00:35:18,920 In the final years of her life, she was practically blind. 318 00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:26,780 We now know that she was suffering with ovarian cancer. 319 00:35:36,740 --> 00:35:43,320 On November 17, 1558, after a five -year reign, Mary Tudor, Queen of England, 320 00:35:43,420 --> 00:35:45,100 died. She was 42. 321 00:36:09,230 --> 00:36:14,470 Even though Mary had opposed it, her 25 -year -old half -sister, Elizabeth, was 322 00:36:14,470 --> 00:36:15,470 crowned queen. 323 00:36:27,550 --> 00:36:30,370 And England became Protestant once again. 324 00:36:48,710 --> 00:36:51,990 At Fontainebleau, the French king received the bad news. 325 00:36:52,270 --> 00:36:57,170 He refused to recognize Elizabeth as the rightful Queen of England. He felt she 326 00:36:57,170 --> 00:37:01,930 was a heretic. He believed his daughter -in -law, Mary Queen of Scots, was the 327 00:37:01,930 --> 00:37:03,830 legitimate heir to the throne of England. 328 00:37:05,470 --> 00:37:11,390 To strengthen her claim and the new family ties, Mary Stuart's coat of arms 329 00:37:11,390 --> 00:37:15,950 changed to the arms for the royal family of Scotland. 330 00:37:16,490 --> 00:37:18,830 were added those of England and France. 331 00:37:19,830 --> 00:37:25,790 An imperial crown was placed on top to symbolize the Franco -British empire 332 00:37:25,790 --> 00:37:26,790 Mary claimed. 333 00:37:28,530 --> 00:37:33,030 This provocation, combined with the secret clause added to the marriage 334 00:37:33,030 --> 00:37:38,110 contract, would poison relations between Mary, Queen of Scots, and Elizabeth I 335 00:37:38,110 --> 00:37:39,590 for the rest of their lives. 336 00:37:42,790 --> 00:37:45,690 Interference from the Guise brothers also didn't help. 337 00:37:46,990 --> 00:37:49,330 Charles, my brother, we need to talk. 338 00:37:49,870 --> 00:37:53,870 They too were convinced that only Mary Stuart could legitimately wear the 339 00:37:53,870 --> 00:37:54,870 English crown. 340 00:37:55,370 --> 00:37:58,910 So, to oust Queen Elizabeth, the brothers turned to Rome. 341 00:37:59,210 --> 00:38:00,610 Our niece is Catholic. 342 00:38:01,050 --> 00:38:04,370 She is the true successor of the throne of England. 343 00:38:05,310 --> 00:38:07,710 The Pope must lend her his support. 344 00:38:08,310 --> 00:38:10,950 Their niece would soon be the Queen of France. 345 00:38:11,270 --> 00:38:13,710 But to further their own ambitions... 346 00:38:13,960 --> 00:38:16,540 They also wanted her to take the crown of England. 347 00:38:29,480 --> 00:38:32,520 King Philip II of Spain opposed the idea. 348 00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:38,780 Although Mary Stuart was a Catholic, like him, he feared a Franco -English 349 00:38:38,780 --> 00:38:42,940 coalition. and he was determined to maintain his own influence on the 350 00:38:42,940 --> 00:38:43,940 crown. 351 00:38:45,920 --> 00:38:50,500 Philip didn't care if the new English queen was a Protestant as long as they 352 00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:51,500 were united. 353 00:38:51,620 --> 00:38:56,480 A widower for only a matter of days, he asked for Elizabeth's hand in marriage. 354 00:39:01,860 --> 00:39:07,580 Mom, I propose our coupling is in the interest of both our countries. 355 00:39:11,040 --> 00:39:13,960 Secretly, Elizabeth had no intention of accepting his offer. 356 00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:19,460 But she allowed him to believe it was a possibility to help ease her 357 00:39:19,460 --> 00:39:20,960 relationship with the Pope. 358 00:39:24,480 --> 00:39:30,180 The Pope despised Elizabeth, but he knew he couldn't afford to upset his most 359 00:39:30,180 --> 00:39:35,700 loyal ally, the Catholic King of Spain, as he was helping him maintain his grip 360 00:39:35,700 --> 00:39:36,700 on Italy. 361 00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:43,820 So His Holiness refused to support Mary Stuart over Elizabeth. 362 00:39:44,100 --> 00:39:45,860 He tells the French as much. 363 00:40:03,240 --> 00:40:05,820 It was a harsh blow for the Guise brothers. 364 00:40:08,140 --> 00:40:09,820 But they refused to give in. 365 00:40:21,760 --> 00:40:26,580 Henry, the King of France, was deeply upset. He spoke of his unhappiness to 366 00:40:26,580 --> 00:40:28,640 mistress, Diane de Poitiers. 367 00:40:29,020 --> 00:40:30,960 You seem preoccupied, my friend. 368 00:40:33,140 --> 00:40:34,660 My apologies, my love. 369 00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:38,980 I'm so tired of these battles for power. 370 00:40:40,300 --> 00:40:42,400 These wars are ruining the kingdom. 371 00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:47,240 Despite what your counselors tell you, you have the power to stop these 372 00:40:47,240 --> 00:40:48,240 conflicts. 373 00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:49,740 You are a great king. 374 00:40:50,920 --> 00:40:53,040 And you always make the right decisions. 375 00:40:55,740 --> 00:40:57,240 Follow your heart, my king. 376 00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:02,840 My heart is telling its love for you, madam. 377 00:41:15,660 --> 00:41:20,400 The king relied on the advice of his mistress and regularly visited her at 378 00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:24,700 Chateau d 'Anette, which she had built to her own glory and that of the king. 379 00:41:31,420 --> 00:41:36,020 In this chamber, she took advantage of tender moments together to try to 380 00:41:36,020 --> 00:41:40,120 persuade the king not to listen to the Guise brothers' advice, as it risked 381 00:41:40,120 --> 00:41:42,820 plunging France into a war with England and Spain. 382 00:41:47,950 --> 00:41:50,730 Diane de Poitiers' political influence bore fruit. 383 00:41:53,390 --> 00:41:59,250 In 1559, France called on England and Spain to end hostilities. 384 00:42:05,070 --> 00:42:10,570 On April 2nd, a representative of Henry II signed the Treaty of Cateau 385 00:42:10,570 --> 00:42:15,830 -Compressy along with the emissaries of Philip II of Spain and Elizabeth I of 386 00:42:15,830 --> 00:42:16,830 England. 387 00:42:17,390 --> 00:42:20,770 The peace brought an end to the war between the three kingdoms. 388 00:42:23,610 --> 00:42:28,770 Elizabeth had insisted on one condition to the peace, that the French return the 389 00:42:28,770 --> 00:42:29,770 town of Calais. 390 00:42:32,530 --> 00:42:36,530 In London, she waited impatiently for King Henry's response. 391 00:42:38,270 --> 00:42:41,670 How dare you tell me I have no right to French territory? 392 00:42:43,530 --> 00:42:44,530 Leave here! 393 00:42:45,710 --> 00:42:46,710 Leave here! 394 00:42:56,810 --> 00:43:01,430 Elizabeth was furious, but she didn't have the means to fight another war 395 00:43:01,430 --> 00:43:02,430 against France. 396 00:43:04,090 --> 00:43:10,330 Conflict would continue to trouble Europe, because very soon, nations would 397 00:43:10,330 --> 00:43:12,910 enter a new war in the name of God.